Tag: Building Materials

Common Window Types Used in Construction and Their Benefits

Windows

 Windows are a such an important part of every building. Window are mostly designed for following purposes.

  1. Ventilation
  2. Sunlight
  3. Air circulation
  4. Outdoor Views
  5. Aesthetic Appeal

These windows are usually made from the materials such as wood, Steel, Aluminum, UPVC, Glass fiber

Based on their shape and functionality, the following types of windows are commonly used in construction, Download AutoCAD File through below download button 

  1. Casement Window
  2. Sliding Window
  3. Awing Window
  4. Hopper Window
  5. Folding Window
  6. Tilt and Turn Window
  7. Skylight Window
  8. Fixed Window
  9. Bay & Bow Window

1. CASEMENT WINDOW

 A casement window is one of the most common types of windows used in construction. Casement window It is hinged at the one side and other side opens outward like a door. This type of window can be opened fully so it can provide a maximum ventilation.

It’s commonly used in homes and commercial buildings, including kitchens, bathrooms, and bedrooms.

2. SLIDING WINDOW

 Sliding window is another one common type of window also widely used in construction, sliding windows have one or more wings that slide horizontally. It is easy to operate and this type of windows are most suitable for where space is Narrow, like a homes or apartments and rooms with limited spaces. Disadvantage of this type of window is cleaning

3. AWING WINDOW

In this type of window one side hinged at the top, an awning window opens outward position, providing ventilation even during rainy weather. It’s ideal for areas where you want to let air in while keeping rain out.

In this type of window is most suitable for Bathrooms, basements, and areas prone to light rain.

4. HOPPER WINDOW

Hopper window is similar like an awning window but In this type of window one side hinged at the bottom, an awning window opens inward position, It’s used in basements or smaller spaces, where the window is opened from the top to provide ventilation.

5. FOLDING WINDOW

Consist of two or more hinge-connected panels that form a single door, which can be folded away along the length of the opening, this design allows the window to open fully, so we can get maximum ventilation.

A folding window is mainly designed for architectural & beautiful look it is most installed in for Patios, balconies, and gardens.

6. TILT AND TURN WINDOW

Tilt and turn window are one side hinged and allowing it to either tilt inward or turn open, The direction it opens depends on the design and the user’s preference.in this type is of windows easy to clean, and secure, also its used widely in homes and high-rise apartments.

7. SKYLIGHT WINDOW

A skylight window is installed on the roof or ceiling or high-level areas to get good natural light to enter the spaces. It is designed to brighten indoor spaces, improve ventilation (if it can be opened)

Skylight windows come in different styles, such as fixed window (non-opening)

8. FIXED WINDOW

In this type of windows are non-openable, also its designed get natural light and provide a beautiful view. These windows are commonly used in areas where ventilation isn’t needed, like a high wall, stair walls and requires less maintenance compared to other types of windows.

9. BAY & BOW WINDOW

Bay and Bow windows are special types of windows that extend outward from the main walls of a building, its designed for beautiful and great appearance while adding extra space inside the room.

  • Bay Window: A bay window typically consists of three panels – a large central window with two smaller angled windows on either side. It forms a trapezoid shape.
  • Bow Window: A bow window is made up of four or more windows joined together in a curved shape. . It forms a rounded shape,

In this Both types are used in living rooms or dining areas to get beautiful views, and make a room feel more spacious and brighter.

Rebar Couplers: A Modern Solution for Stronger Concrete reinforcement

What is Mechanical coupler /  rebar coupler

A Mechanical coupler also known as a rebar coupler is used to connect two reinforcement bars (rebars) in construction. This is an alternative method for Lapping & Welding.

These couplers are used to connect two rebars in a strong, efficient, and safe & secure manner, which is mostly used in columns, beams, and foundations.

It is typically made of steel and its size varies depending on the rebar size.

Mechanical couplers or rebar couplers are mostly used in the following areas

  • High-rise buildings.
  • Bridges and flyovers.
  • Dams and heavy foundations.
  • Precast concrete structures.
  • Nuclear and industrial facilities.

Installation process of rebar coupler

  • Inspect the rebar clean, straight & without rust.
  • Cut the rebar as per the required size.
  • Use a threading machine to create threads on the ends of both rebars and make sure that rebar threads are made perfectly.
  • Screw the coupler using the required machinery or tool onto the first rebar until it reaches the required depth.
  • Also, screw the second rebar using the required machinery or tool onto the first rebar until it reaches the required depth.
  • Using the torque wrench or other is required tool or machinery to tighten the coupler.
  • Finally, make sure that the rebar and coupler are not damaged & Fixed well.
  • For additional notes always follow the manufactured instructions while installation.

Advantages of rebar coupler

High Strength & Efficiency: – It has much more efficient strength to compare other traditional method such as Lapping & Welding

Time-Saving and Reduced Material Wastage: The installation process is faster than other method also material wastage is much less

Reduced Labor Costs:- Compared to other methods, rebar couplers significantly reduce labor costs, because the coupler installation process less time and effort from the worker.

Versatility: – Rebar couplers are suitable for a wide range of projects, from low-rise buildings to high-rise structures, as well as bridges, dams, and industrial facilities

Dis-Advantages of rebar coupler

Higher Initial Cost:- Cost of rebar coupler which will be an additional cost, for the lapping method no need for any additional requirement,

Variation in size:- Depending on the size of the bar the coupler size will vary

Required Additional Equipment / Tools: – This method required some additional equipment such as threading machines for rebar ends and torque wrenches for tightening.

Skilled Labor Requirement: The rebar installation process needs skilled laborers also heavy structures need experienced labor, and some projects as per specifications require certified skilled workers.

Inspection:- Couplers must be inspected thoroughly before installation to ensure that it has no damage, usable

FAQ: Mechanical Couplers (Rebar Couplers)

  1. What is a mechanical coupler used for?
  2. How is a mechanical coupler different from lapping or welding?
  3. What materials are mechanical couplers made of?
  4. Are mechanical couplers cost-effective?
  5. What sizes of rebars can mechanical couplers connect?
  6. What tools are required for installing mechanical couplers?
  7. Can mechanical couplers be used in seismic zones?
  8. Do mechanical couplers require maintenance after installation?
  9. Are mechanical couplers reusable?
  10. What are the key factors to consider when choosing a mechanical coupler?

Standard Wastage Percentages for Common Construction Materials – PART-02

Standard Wastage Percentages for Common Construction Materials – Part – 02

In previous post we have seen some common construction materials wastage percentage , so this post is continuity for the common construction material wastages
In this material wastages will help us various factor such as estimation, Material order, cost control & quality control.
Every materials have an different wastage based on their usage, handling, and application methods, Proper planning & handling can help us to minimize the wastages it will help us to complete the project with in the project & timeline.

Standard Wastage Percentages for Common Construction Materials – PART-01

Standard Wastage Percentages for Common Construction Materials - PART-02

S.NO Material Usage Wastage %
21 Glass (window panes, glass blocks) Windows and partitions 5-10%
22 Aluminum Frames, cladding, and roofing 3-5%
23 Steel Sheets Roofing, windows, skylights 3-5%
24 Fiber Cement Board Cladding and partitions 5-10%
25 Ceramic Tiles Flooring and wall cladding 5-10%
26 Porcelain Tiles High-end flooring and walls 5-10%
27 Asphalt Roads and roofing 3-5%
28 Bitumen Waterproofing and roofing 3-5%
29 Granite Countertops and flooring 5-10%
30 Limestone Building facades and flooring 5-10%
31 Sandstone Paving and cladding 5-10%
32 Bamboo Sustainable building material and flooring 5-7%
33 Clay Making bricks and tiles 2-3%
34 Insulation Materials (fiberglass, foam, rock wool) Thermal and acoustic insulation 5-8%
35 Admixtures Modifying concrete properties 1-2%
36 Waterproofing Membranes Roofs and basements 10-15%
37 Polythene Sheets Moisture barriers and temporary protection 3-5%
38 Adhesives and Sealants Bonding and sealing 2-3%
39 Fasteners (nails, screws, bolts) Joining and fixing materials 1-2%
40 Fiberboard Partitions, ceilings, furniture 5-7%

Standard Wastage Percentages for Common Construction Materials – PART-01

Standard Wastage Percentages for Common Construction Materials – Part – 01

In construction projects, before ordering any kind of materials or Estimating quantities of any materials must be know about that wastage (%) Percentage, By knowing these wastage rates, we can make more accurate estimates and ensure that the right amount of material is available when needed, it will help us to complete the project on-time.

Every materials have an different wastage based on their usage, handling, and application methods, Proper planning & handling can help us to minimize the wastages it will help us to complete the project with in the project & timeline.

Standard Wastage Percentages for Common Construction Materials - PART-01

S.NO Material Usage Wastage %
1 Cement Concrete & plaster work 2-5%
2 Sand Concrete & mortar work 5-10%
3 Aggregate Concrete mixes 5-10%
4 Concrete Structural work and slabs 2-5%
5 Reinforcement Steel Reinforcing concrete structures 2-3%
6 Mortar Plastering and masonry work 5-10%
7 Block Masonry work for building walls 2-5%
8 Brick Masonry work for walls 2-5%
9 Tiles Flooring and wall cladding 5-10%
10 Marble Flooring and countertops 5-10%
11 Stone Paving, cladding, and landscaping 10-15%
12 Paint Coating and finishing surfaces 2-5%
13 Stucco / Wall Putty Surface finishing and smoothing 5-8%
14 Gypsum Board Partitions and ceilings 5-10%
15 Gypsum Corniche Decorative ceilings 5-10%
16 Drywall Interior walls and ceilings 5-10%
17 PVC Ceiling Panels Decorative ceilings 5-8%
18 Plywood Furniture, flooring, and formwork 5-10%
19 Steel Structural support and framework 2-3%
20 Wood (timber, hardwood, softwood) Construction, flooring, and carpentry 5-10%

IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT STEEL / IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT REINFORCEMENT STEEL

IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT REINFORCEMENT STEEL

1. To find weight of Steel (formula) = D ² /162 (kg /m) 

2. To find weight of Steel (formula) = D ² /533 (kg /ft.)

3. Unit Weight of Steel / Density of steel is = 7850 (kg/m3)

4. Unit Weight of Reinforced Concrete / Density of Reinforced Concrete is =  2500 (kg/m3)

5. F.O.S – Factor of Safety of Steel is =  1.15

6. RCC – means Reinforced Cement Concrete.

7. Usually 6mm, 8mm,10mm,12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm dia size of reinforced steel bar used in construction.

8. 6mm & 8mm steel bars are called as plain bar.

9. Plain bar :-  The steel bar is don’t have rip which is called as plain bar.

10. 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm bars are called as Rebar (or) Torsion bar (or) Deformed bar.

11. Torsion / Rebar (or) Deformed bar : – The steel bar having a rip which is called as torsion or rebar.

12. Standard length of one reinforced steel bar is 12m.

13. The steel reinforcement used in construction is of four types. They are hot rolled deformed bars, cold worked steel bars, mild steel plain bars, and pre-stressed steel bars.

14. Minimum no of bars used in Square or Rectangular column is = 4 bars.

15. Minimum no of bars used in Circular column is = 6 Bars.

16. Minimum Diameter used for Dowels bars is 12 mm

17. Maximum Diameter of bars used in slab = 1/8 x Thickness of Slab

18. The minimum lapping length should be 50 times the diameter of the bar.

19. If steel bar size is more than 36 mm lapping is not allowed.

20. Chair reinforcement or simply chair rods are small structural elements that are used to place the reinforcement bars in the correct position and maintains the correct space between the top and bottom reinforcements. Chair bars are used primarily on the slab and flooring

21. minimum of 12mm diameter to be used for Chairs.

22. Maximum Chairs Spacing = 1m

23. Longitudinal reinforcement should not less than 0.8 % and not be more than 6% of gross area of cross section

24. Minimum (%) percentage of steel in Column 0.8 %

25. Maximum (%) percentage of steel in Column 4.0 %

26. Minimum (%) percentage of steel in beam = 1.0 %

27. Maximum (%) percentage of steel in beam = 2.0 %

28. Minimum (%) percentage of steel in Slab = 0.7 %

29. Maximum (%) percentage of steel in Slab = 1.0 %

30. Structural steel can be reused property.

31. Steel is very good bonding material in Concrete.

Exit mobile version